The convergence of nanotechnology and materials science has produced advanced carbon materials that are revolutionizing biomedical engineering and electronic applications. Conductive nanomaterials, including carbon-based materials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), metallic nanoparticles, conductive polymers, and 2D materials (MXenes), exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, flexibility, thermal property and chemical stability . These materials hold significant capability in transforming material science and biomedical engineering by enabling the creation of more efficient, miniaturized, and versatile devices. The indulgence of nanotechnology with conductive materials in biological fields promises a transformative innovation across various industries, from bioelectronics to environmental regulations.

The biomedical applications of advanced carbon materials are particularly promising, driven by their unique combination of properties including biocompatibility, mechanical strength, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and high adsorption capacity . Two-dimensional (2D) graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) such as graphene and its derivatives GO and rGO, have shown great potential in biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility, mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, and ease of surface functionalization . These graphene-based NMs have the capacity to interact with a variety of biomolecules via specific and nonspecific interactions, driven by their heterogeneous surface properties. Applications in drug delivery systems, biosensors, and medical imaging are emerging, indicating a potential shift in how medical devices are designed and utilized.

Conductive nanomaterials are being explored for state-of-the-art cardiac, skeletal, nerve, and bone scaffold fabrication while highlighting their proof-of-concept in the development of biosensing probes and medical imaging . The conductivity of nanomaterials with a suitable size and shape exhibits unique characteristics, which provides a platform for realization in bioelectronics as biosensors, tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery systems. For example, graphene-based scaffolds can promote cell growth and differentiation for cardiac, nerve, and bone tissue regeneration. The ability to tailor the surface properties of graphene through functionalization with small molecules, peptides, DNA fragments, proteins (incl. enzymes), polymers as well as inorganic molecules, such as quantum dots and nanoparticles, enables targeted biomedical applications.

In the electronics sector, advanced carbon materials are driving innovation in semiconductors and flexible electronics. The exceptional conductivity and transparency of graphene make it suitable for transparent electrodes (TEs) in optoelectronic devices, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaic cells, and photodiodes . Recent research has shown that doping, transfer methods, and multi-layer stacking have significantly improved graphene's performance, resulting in sheet resistances below 60 Ω/sq and optical transmittance above 90% . The potential of replacing conventional transparent electrodes, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), with graphene is being extensively explored. Graphene's flexibility and durability make it exceptionally suitable for use in bendable, stretchable, and ultrathin optoelectronic architectures, enabling the development of next-generation flexible and wearable electronic devices. As the demand for high-performance, flexible electronics continues to grow, conductive nanomaterials and advanced carbon materials will remain at the forefront of technological innovation.